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The Research Brief
Professional, source-cited updates selected from the latest reviewed research connected to this store’s catalog. New reading is featured daily; every claim links back to its source.
Today's 3–4 minute read
PT-141 -: Bremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two drugs for 'hypoactive sexual desire disorder' in women, flibanserin (Addyi) in 2015 and bremelanotide (Vyleesi) in 2019. In this paper we examine the outcome measures and clinical trial data upon which regulatory approval was based. In clinical trials, flibanserin led to an average of only one additional enjoyable sexual experience every two months, bremelanotide to none.
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PT-141 - 10mg
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Current research briefs
Retatrutide: Retatrutide (LY3437943) for metabolic disorders: A systematic review of clinical outcomes in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Objectives: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are closely linked, both requiring treatments that effectively address hyperglycaemia and induce weight loss. Retatrutide (LY3437943), a novel triple agonist targeting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors, has shown promise in early trials for managing these conditions. However, evidence from different studies is inconsistent due to variability in dosing, participant characteristics and outcomes.
Read briefBPC-157: Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review.
Background: Body protection compound-157 (BPC-157) is a naturally occurring gastric peptide that promotes mucosal integrity and homeostasis. Preclinical studies show its potential for promoting healing in musculoskeletal injuries such as fractures, tendon ruptures, ligament tears, and muscle injuries. Despite lacking US Food and Drug Administration approval and its use being banned in professional sports, it is increasingly used by clinicians and athletes.
Read briefBPC-157: Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This scoping review aims to evaluate the molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and safety concerns of Body Protective Compound-157 (BPC-157) in the context of musculoskeletal healing. Given the compound’s increasing availability, popularity, and its regulatory controversies, we sought to assess the breadth and quality of preclinical and clinical data supporting its use in musculoskeletal medicine. RECENT FINDINGS: BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide originally isolated from gastric juice and has demonstrated regenerative properties across numerous animal models.
Read briefKPV: Lysine-proline-valine peptide attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through ROS-dependent regulation of the PPARγ pathway in HepG2 cells.
Hepatocellular steatosis, an early stage within the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spectrum, is characterized by excessive lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in hepatocytes. This study examined the protective role of Lysine-Proline-Valine (KPV), an endogenous tripeptide derived from α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, against oleic acid (OA)-induced oxidative damage and lipid accumulation in hepatic epithelial HepG2 cells. OA treatment markedly enhanced hepatic lipid deposition by upregulation of fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression.
Read briefMOTS c: MOTS-c in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and translational potential.
Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM) is a prevalent cardiac complication of sepsis that is characterized by inflammatory dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic disturbance, and changes in the myocardial microenvironment. Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is a mitochondrial-derived microprotein with metabolic regulatory and stress-responsive properties. Existing studies have linked MOTS-c to AMP-activated protein kinase-related energy metabolism, antioxidant responses, inflammatory restraint, endothelial and microvascular protection, and mitochondrial quality control.
Read briefMT-2 -: Mapping ligands for MT 1 /MT 2 and 5-HT 2C receptors: Chemotypes, SAR, and polypharmacology.
Understanding ligand selectivity and efficacy at melatonin (MT 1 , MT 2 ) and serotonin (5-HT 2C ) receptors remains a key challenge in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery. Ligands combining MT 1 /MT 2 agonism with 5-HT 2C antagonism are of therapeutic relevance in depression and circadian rhythm disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ligands reported for these receptors in ChEMBL, with an emphasis on compounds evaluated across multiple targets.
Read briefNAD+: Placental nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide modulates the timing of labor.
Labor is mediated proximately by prostaglandin signaling within gestational tissues and must be tightly regulated for birth to occur after appropriate fetal development. Metabolic changes accompanying gestational aging have been postulated as a determinant of birth timing, but specific nutrients, sensors, and messengers remain obscure. We report that placental nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) dynamically tunes gestational length.
Read briefRetatrutide: Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial.
Retatrutide is a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon triple hormone receptor agonist, under clinical development for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and related complications. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of retatrutide as a monotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes that is inadequately controlled by diet and exercise alone. In this 40-week, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at 48 sites in the USA, Mexico, and India, we recruited adults (aged ≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes that is inadequately controlled by diet and exercise alone, glycated haemoglobin (HbA 1c ) between 7·0% and 9·5% (53-80 mmol/mol), and BMI of at least 23 kg/m 2 .
Read briefRetatrutide: The Neurocognitive Implications of Triple-Receptor Agonism: A Conceptual and Systematic Analysis of Retatrutide (LY3437943) on Executive Functions, Information Processing, and Energetic Homeostasis
Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a single-peptide agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucagon receptors with substantial metabolic efficacy but an incompletely characterised psychological phenotype. This paper evaluates its plausible effects on executive control, information processing, food-directed cognitive interference, motivational salience, fatigue, and psychophysiological vigor. A structured evidence synthesis covered literature from 2010 through 10 August 2026 and separated direct retatrutide findings from receptor-level and broader cognitive-neuroscience evidence.
Read briefKPV: C-terminal tripeptide KPV of α-MSH modulates the selectivity of melanotropins in the melanocortin system
The melanocortin system is essential for survival, with the melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors (hMC3R and hMC4R) regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism, and the melanocortin-1 receptor (hMC1R) controlling pigmentation and skin cancer prevention. However, achieving subtype selectivity among these receptors remains challenging due to their high sequence similarity. Here, we first systematically examined the impact of the α-MSH C-terminal tripeptide –Lys-Pro-Val (–KPV) on melanotropin conformation and receptor selectivity.
Read briefBPC-157: Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review.
BPC 157, known as the "Body Protection Compound", is a pentadecapeptide isolated from human gastric juice that demonstrated its pleiotropic beneficial effects in various preclinical models mimicking medical conditions, such as tissue injury, inflammatory bowel disease, or even CNS disorders. Unlike many other drugs, BPC 157 has a desirable safety profile, since only a few side effects have been reported following its administration. Nevertheless, this compound was temporarily banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 2022 (it is not currently listed as banned by the WADA).
Read briefBPC-157: Reply to Sikiric et al. BPC 157 Therapy: Targeting Angiogenesis and Nitric Oxide's Cytotoxic and Damaging Actions, but Maintaining, Promoting, or Recovering Their Essential Protective Functions. Comment on "Józwiak et al. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18 , 185".
We wish to thank the Authors of the comment for their interest in our manuscript [...].
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